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Nheyo yekutanga yeantenna

Nheyo yakakosha yeantenna ndeyekuti yakakwirira-frequency currents inogadzira shanduko yemagetsi nemagineti yakaitenderedza.Zvinoenderana nedzidziso yaMaxwell yemagetsi emagetsi, "kuchinja minda yemagetsi kunogadzira magineti, uye kuchinja magineti kunoburitsa magetsi".Sezvo mafaro achienderera mberi, kupararira kwemasaini isina waya kunoitika.

Wana coefficient

Huyero hwesimba rekuisa rakazara reantenna inonzi iyo yakanyanya kuwana coefficient yeantenna.Icho chiratidziro chakazara chekushandiswa kweantenna kwesimba rose reRF pane iyo antenna's directivity coefficient.Uye inoratidzwa muma decibels.Zvinogona kuratidzwa nemasvomhu kuti iyo yakanyanya kuwana coefficient yeantenna yakaenzana nechigadzirwa cheantenna directivity coefficient uye antenna kunyatsoita.

Kubudirira kweantenna

Ireshiyo yesimba rinovhenekerwa neantenna (kureva, iro simba rinonyatso shandura iyo electromagnetic wave chikamu) kune inoshanda simba rekuisa kune antenna.Inogara isingasviki 1.

Antenna polarization wave

Electromagnetic wave inofamba muchadenga, kana gwara renzvimbo yemagetsi vector richiramba rakamira kana kutenderera zvinoenderana nemumwe mutemo, iyi yainzi polarization wave, inozivikanwawo seantenna polarization wave, kana polarized wave.Kazhinji inogona kukamurwa kuita plane polarization (kusanganisira horizontal polarization uye vertical polarization), circular polarization uye elliptic polarization.

Iyo polarization nzira

Kutungamira kwenzvimbo yemagetsi yepolarized electromagnetic wave inonzi polarization direction.

Iyo polarization pamusoro

Iyo ndege inoumbwa neiyo polarization kutungamira uye nzira yekuparadzira yepolarized electromagnetic wave inonzi ndege yepolarization.

Vertical polarization

Iyo polarization yemasaisai eredhiyo, kazhinji nenyika seyakajairika.Iyo polarization wave iyo polarization surface inofambirana nepasi yakajairika plane (yakamira ndege) inonzi vertical polarization wave.Kutungamira kwemunda wayo wemagetsi kune perpendicular kune pasi.

Horizontal polarization

Iyo polarization wave iyo iri perpendicular kune yakajairwa pamusoro penyika inonzi horizontal polarization wave.Nzira yemunda wayo wemagetsi inofanana nenyika.

Iyo ndege yepolarization

Kana iyo polarization inotungamira ye electromagnetic wave ikaramba iri munzira yakagadziriswa, inonzi plane polarization, inozivikanwawo semutsara polarization.Iyo polarization yendege inogona kuwanikwa muzvikamu zvemunda wemagetsi wakaenzana nenyika (yakatwasuka chikamu) uye perpendicular kumusoro kwepasi, iyo ine mazamu amplitudes ane zvisizvo.Zvese zviri zviviri zvakadzika uye zvakachinjika polarization zviitiko zvakakosha zvepolarization yendege.

Circular polarization

Kana Angle pakati pepolarization plane uye geodetic yakajairika ndege yemasaisai eredhiyo inoshanduka kubva ku0 kusvika 360 ° nguva nenguva, ndiko kuti, saizi yemunda wemagetsi haina kuchinjika, kutungamira kunoshanduka nenguva, uye trajectory yemagumo emagetsi emunda vector. inofungidzirwa sedenderedzwa pane ndege perpendicular kune nzira yekuparadzira, inonzi circular polarization.Circular polarization inogona kuwanikwa kana yakatwasuka uye yakatwasuka zvikamu zvemunda wemagetsi zvine amplitudes yakaenzana uye misiyano yechikamu che90 ° kana 270 °.Circular polarization, kana nzvimbo yepolarization ichitenderera nekufamba kwenguva uye iine hukama chaihwo hwekutenderera neiyo electromagnetic wave propagation direction, inonzi right circular polarization;Pane zvakasiyana, kana kuruboshwe spiral ukama, akati kuruboshwe denderedzwa polarization.

Iyo elliptical polarized

Kana iyo Angle iri pakati peredhiyo wave polarization plane uye geodetic yakajairika ndege ichichinja nguva nenguva kubva ku0 kuenda ku2π, uye trajectory yemagumo emagetsi emunda vector inofungidzirwa se ellipse pandege perpendicular kune yekuparadzira nzira, inonzi elliptic. polarization.Kana iyo amplitude uye chikamu cheiyo yakatwasuka uye yakatwasuka zvikamu zvemunda wemagetsi zvine maitiro akasarudzika (kunze kwekunge zvikamu zviviri zvakaenzana), iyo elliptic polarization inogona kuwanikwa.

Long wave antenna, yepakati wave antenna

Iri izwi rakajairika rekufambisa kana kugamuchira antennas anoshanda mumabhendi marefu uye epakati wave.Mafungu akareba uye epakati anopararira semafungu epasi uye masaisai edenga, ayo anoramba achiratidzwa pakati peionosphere nenyika.Zvinoenderana neaya maitiro ekuparadzira, marefu uye epakati wave antennas anofanirwa kukwanisa kuburitsa vertically polarized waves.Mune iyo yakareba uye yepakati wave antenna, iyo yakatwasuka mhando, inverted L mhando, T mhando uye amburera mhando yakatwasuka pasi antenna inoshandiswa zvakanyanya.Marefu uye epakati wave antennas anofanirwa kunge aine yakanaka pasi network.Kune akawanda matambudziko ehunyanzvi mune refu uye yepakati wave antenna, senge diki inoshanda kureba, yakaderera mwaranzi kuramba, kuderera kwekuita, nhete yekupfuura bhendi uye diki kutungamira coefficient.Kuti ugadzirise matambudziko aya, chimiro cheantenna chinowanzo kuomarara uye chakakura kwazvo.

Shortwave antenna

Iwo ekufambisa kana kugamuchira antenna anoshanda mupfupi wave bhendi akaungana anodaidzwa kunzi short wave antennas.Short wave inonyanya kufambiswa nedenga rinoratidzwa neiyo ionosphere uye ndiyo imwe yenzira dzakakosha dzemazuva ano dzeredhiyo kureba.Kune akawanda mafomu eshortwave antenna, pakati peanonyanya kushandiswa symmetric antenna, in-phase horizontal antenna, double wave antenna, angular antenna, V-shaped antenna, rhombus antenna, fishbone antenna zvichingodaro.Kuenzaniswa neantenna refu-wave, antenna pfupi-wave ine mabhenefiti ehurefu hunobudirira hwepamusoro, kukwirira kwemwaranzi kuramba, kugona kwepamusoro, kutungamira kuri nani, kukwirisa kwepamusoro uye yakakura passband.

Ultrashort wave antenna

Iyo yekufambisa uye yekugamuchira antenna inoshanda muiyo ultrashort wave bhendi inonzi ultrashort wave antennas.Ultrashort masaisai anofamba zvakanyanya nemafungu emuchadenga.Kune akawanda marudzi emhando iyi yeantenna, pakati peiyo inonyanya kushandiswa Yaki antenna, dish conical antenna, kaviri conical antenna, "bat wing" TV inotumira antenna zvichingodaro.

Microwave antenna

Iwo ekutepfenyura kana kugamuchira antenna anoshanda mumafungu mabhendi emamita wave, decimeter wave, centimita wave uye millimeter wave zvinosanganiswa zvinonzi microwave antenna.Microwave inonyanya kuenderana nenzvimbo yekuparadzira, kuti uwedzere kureba kwekutaurirana, antenna inomiswa yakakwira.Mune microwave antenna, iyo inonyanya kushandiswa paraboloid antenna, nyanga paraboloid antenna, nyanga antenna, lens antenna, slotted antenna, dielectric antenna, periscope antenna zvichingodaro.

Directional antenna

Directional antenna imhando yeantenna inotumira uye inogamuchira mafungu emagetsi mune imwe kana akati wandei nzira zvakanyanya zvine simba, nepo ichitumira uye ichigashira mafungu emagetsi mune mamwe mativi zero kana idiki kwazvo.Chinangwa chekushandisa chinotungamira kuendesa antenna ndechekuwedzera kushandiswa kunobudirira kwesimba remwaranzi uye kuwedzera kuvanzika.Chinangwa chikuru chekushandisa inotungamira yekugamuchira antenna ndeyekuwedzera iyo anti-kupindira kugona.

Antenna isina kunanga

Iyo antenna inopenya kana kugashira electromagnetic wave zvakafanana mumativi ese inonzi non-directional antenna, senge chikwapuro antenna inoshandiswa muchina mudiki wekutaurirana, nezvimwe.

Wide band antenna

Antenna ine kutungamira, impedance uye polarization zvivakwa zvinoramba zvakangofanana pamusoro pebhendi rakakura rinonzi wideband antenna.Iyo yekutanga wideband antenna ine rhombus antenna, V antenna, kaviri wave antenna, disk cone antenna, nezvimwewo, iyo itsva wideband antenna ine logarithmic nguva antenna, nezvimwe.

Kugadzirisa antenna

Antenna ine yakafanotemerwa kutungamira chete mune yakatetepa frequency bhendi inonzi tuned antenna kana tuned directional antenna.Kazhinji, kurongeka kweantenna yakamisikidzwa kunoramba kuripo chete kusvika pa5 muzana yebhendi padhuze netuning frequency, nepo pane mamwe mafrequency maitiro anochinja zvekuti kutaurirana kunokanganiswa.Tuned antennas haana kukodzera kupfupi-wave kutaurirana ane akasiyana ma frequency.Izvo zvakafanana - nhanho yakatwasuka antenna, yakapetwa antenna uye zigzag antenna ese ese akatuniwa antenna.

Vertical antenna

Vertical antenna inoreva antenna yakaiswa perpendicular pasi.Iine symmetric uye asymmetric mafomu, uye iyo yekupedzisira inonyanya kushandiswa.Symmetrical vertical antennas anowanzo kudyiswa pakati.Iyo asymmetric vertical antenna inodyisa pakati pepasi peantenna nepasi, uye iyo yakanyanya mwaranzi kutungamira inonamirwa munzira yepasi kana kureba kuri kushoma 1/2 wavelength, saka yakakodzera kutepfenyura.Asymmetric vertical antenna inonziwo vertical ground antenna.

Dururirai L antenna

Antenna yakaumbwa nekubatanidza inotungamira yakatwasuka kune imwe mugumo wewaya imwe yakachinjika.Nekuda kwechimiro chayo senge bhii reChirungu L rakatarisa pasi, inonzi inverted L antenna.Iyo γ yetsamba yekuRussia inodzokera kumashure L yetsamba yechirungu.Naizvozvo, γ mhando antenna iri nyore.Iyo imhando yeantenna yakadzika pasi.Kuti uvandudze kushanda kweantenna, chikamu chayo chakachinjika chinogona kuumbwa newaya akati wandei akarongwa mundege imwechete yakachinjika, uye mwaranzi inogadzirwa nechikamu ichi inogona kufuratirwa, nepo mwaranzi inogadzirwa nechikamu chakatwasuka chiri.Inverted L antennas anowanzo shandiswa kutaurirana kwenguva refu.Mabhenefiti ayo ari nyore chimiro uye nyore erection;Kukanganisa itsoka huru, kusasimba kwesimba.

T antenna

Pakati pewaya yakachinjika, mutobvu wakamira wakabatana, wakaumbwa sebhii reChirungu T, saka inodaidzwa kunzi T-antenna.Ndiyo mhando yakajairika yeantenna yakadzika pasi.Iyo yakatwasuka chikamu chemwaranzi haina basa, iyo mwaranzi inogadzirwa neiyo yakatwasuka chikamu.Kuti uvandudze hunyanzvi, chikamu chakachinjika chinogona zvakare kuumbwa neanopfuura waya imwe.Iyo T-yakaita antenna ine hunhu hwakafanana neiyo inverted L - yakaumbwa antenna.Inowanzo shandiswa kune refu wave uye medium wave kutaurirana.

Umbrella antenna

Pamusoro pewaya imwechete yakatwasuka, makondakita akati wandei anotungamirwa akadzika mativi ese, kuitira kuti chimiro cheantenna chiite seamburera yakavhurika, saka inodaidzwa kunzi amburera antenna.Iyo zvakare imhando yeantenna yakadzika pasi.Hunhu hwayo uye mashandisiro akafanana neakapinzwa L - uye T-akaumbwa antennas.

Whip antenna

Whip antenna inochinjika yakatwasuka tsvimbo antenna, iyo inowanzoita 1/4 kana 1/2 wavelength pakureba.Zvikwapu antennas anoshandisa mambure pachinzvimbo chewaya yepasi.Diki zvikwapuro antennas anowanzo shandisa goko resimbi rechiteshi chidiki cheredhiyo se network yepasi.Dzimwe nguva kuitira kuti uwedzere hurefu hunoshanda hwechikwapuro antenna, mamwe madiki mablades anotaurisa anogona kuwedzerwa kumusoro kwechikwapuro antenna kana inductance inogona kuwedzerwa kumucheto wepakati weshamhu antenna.Whip antenna inogona kushandiswa kumuchina diki wekutaurirana, muchina wekutaura, redhiyo yemotokari, nezvimwe.

Symmetric antenna

Waya mbiri dzeEQUAL kureba, dzakadzimwa AT pakati uye dzakabatana nechikafu, dzinogona kushandiswa sekufambisa nekugamuchira antenna, antenna yakadai inonzi symmetric antenna.Nekuti antenna dzimwe nguva anodaidzwa kunzi oscillators, symmetric antennas anonziwo symmetric oscillators, kana dipole antennas.A symmetric oscillator ine hurefu hwakazara hwehafu yewavelength inonzi hafu-wave oscillator, inozivikanwawo sehafu-wave dipole antenna.Ndiyo inonyanya kukosha chinhu antenna uye inonyanya kushandiswa.Mazhinji antenna akaoma anoumbwa nawo.Iyo hafu-wave oscillator ine chimiro chakareruka uye chikafu chiri nyore.Inoshandiswa zvakanyanya munharaunda yekukurukurirana yepedyo.

Cage antenna

Iri bhendi rakakura risina kusimba rinotungamira antenna.Iro silinda yakakomberedzwa newaya akati wandei pachinzvimbo chewaya imwe chete radiation muviri mune symmetric antenna, nekuti iyo radiation muviri wakaumbwa keji, inonzi cage antenna.Iyo inoshanda bhendi yecage antenna yakakura uye iri nyore kuridza.Inokodzera kuswedera pedyo trunk line kukurukurirana.

Nyanga antenna

Ndeyerudzi rwe symmetric antenna, asi maoko ayo maviri haana kurongeka mumutsara wakatwasuka, uye mu90 ° kana 120 ° Angle, inodaidzwa kuti angular antenna.Rudzi urwu rweantenna kazhinji rwakachinjika mudziyo, kwairi kuita hakuna kukosha.Kuti uwane iyo yakafara bhendi maitiro, iwo maviri maoko eangular antenna anogona zvakare kutora keji chimiro, chinonzi angular cage antenna.

Yakaenzana neantenna

Kupeta maoscillator mumaparallel symmetric antenna inonzi antenna yakapetwa.Kune akati wandei mafomu embiri-waya yakashandurwa antenna, matatu-waya yakashandurwa antenna uye akawanda-waya akashandurwa antenna.Kana uchikotama, ikozvino panzvimbo inoenderana pamutsara wega wega inofanira kunge iri muchikamu chimwe chete.Kubva kure, iyo antenna yese inoita senge symmetric antenna.Asi tichienzanisa neiyo symmetrical antenna, mwaranzi weiyo antenna yakashandurwa inowedzerwa.Iyo yekupinza impedance inowedzera kufambisa kubatana neye feeder.Iyo yakapetwa antenna ndeye yakarongedzwa antenna ine nhete yekushanda frequency.Inoshandiswa zvakanyanya mupfupi wave uye ultrashort wave mabhendi.

V antenna

Antenna ine waya mbiri paAngle kune imwe neimwe muchimiro chebhii V. Iyo terminal inogona kuvhurika kana kubatanidzwa nekupikisa kwakaenzana nehunhu impedance yeantenna.Iyo V-yakaita antenna ndeye unidirectional uye iyo yakanyanya kufambisa nzira iri mundege yakatwasuka padivi peAngle mutsara.Kukanganisa kwayo kuderera kwekushanda uye tsoka huru.

Rhombic antenna

Iyo yakafara bhendi antenna.Iyo ine yeDIAMOND yakachinjika YAkarembera pambiru ina, imwe yedhaimondi yakabatana kune inodyisa pane acute Angle, uye imwe yacho yakabatana neiyo terminal kuramba yakaenzana nehunhu hweimpedance yedhaimani antenna.Iri unidirectional mundege yakatwasuka inonongedza kwainoenda kunomira.

Zvakanakira rhombus antenna kuwana yakakwirira, kutungamira kwakasimba, bhendi rakakura, nyore kumisikidza nekuchengetedza;Kukanganisa ndiko hukuru hwetsoka.Mushure mekunge rhomboid antenna yaremara, kune matatu mafomu embiri rhomboid antenna, pindura rhomboid antenna uye peta rhomboid antenna.Rhombus antenna inowanzo shandiswa mune zvepakati uye hombe mapfupi anogamuchira zviteshi.

Dish koni antenna

Iyo ultrashort wave antenna.Iyo yepamusoro ndeye disc (radiation body), inodyiswa neiyo mutsara weiyo coaxial mutsara, uye pasi iri koni, yakabatana nekunze conductor ye coaxial line.Mhedzisiro yekoni yakafanana neyepasi risingaperi.Kushandura iyo tilt Angle yekoni inogona kushandura iyo yakanyanya radiation kutungamira kweantenna.Iine bhendi rakafara zvakanyanya.